Friday, December 27, 2019

Question and Correct Answer - 7042 Words

World culture quiz ï‚ · Question 1 2 out of 2 points | | | Why did the arts develop in Mesopotamia?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | As celebrations of the priest-kings power | Correct Answer: | As celebrations of the priest-kings power | | | | | ï‚ · Question 2 2 out of 2 points | | | What did lost-wax casting enable the Mesopotamian sculptors to create?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Larger and more lightweight bronze pieces | Correct Answer: | Larger and more lightweight bronze pieces | | | | | ï‚ · Question 3 2 out of 2 points | | | What classic struggle do Gilgamesh and Enkidu represent?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Nature versus civilization | Correct Answer: |†¦show more content†¦on 16 2 out of 2 points | | | Why during the 8th century BCE were the Kushites able to control Egypt?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | The Egyptians needed stronger leadership to thwart an Assyrian invasion | Correct Answer: | The Egyptians needed stronger leadership to thwart an Assyrian invasion | | | | | ï‚ · Question 17 2 out of 2 points | | | Why did the Egyptians bury their dead on the west side of the Nile?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Because of the symbolic reference to death and rebirth, as the sun sets in the west | Correct Answer: | Because of the symbolic reference to death and rebirth, as the sun sets in the west | | | | | ï‚ · Question 18 2 out of 2 points | | | Why is Nebamun Hunting Birds a sort of visual pun?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | The artist depicts actions that reflect sexual procreation, not hunting | Correct Answer: | The artist depicts actions that reflect sexual procreation, not hunting | | | | | ï‚ · Question 19 2 out of 2 points | | | What radical change in Egyptian religion did Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) decree?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | He mandated worship of one god exclusively | Correct Answer: | He mandated worship of one god exclusively | | | | | ï‚ · Question 20 2 out of 2 points | | | Why was deciphering the Rosetta Stone so significant?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | The Stone provided the key to readingShow MoreRelatedCosts and Correct Answer1572 Words   |  7 Pagescosts are expensed when incurred. 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Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Nature Vs Nurture A Debate On Education Since The Late...

External Help: Maurika Smutherman WSSU Writing Center (336) 750-8748 wssuwritingcenter@wssu.edu Nature versus Nurture has been a debate in education since the late 1600’s. The debate began with John Locke s perspective of children as â€Å"tabula rasa† meaning blank slate, when he stated that at birth we are all the same, but it is our unique â€Å"experiences that write the script of our behavioral repertoire† (Allen, Boykin, Jagers, n. d.). His theory states that an individual s experience and environment is what makes them who they are. This idea gave us the foundation for our â€Å"nurture† argument, even though at the time he initially proposed this idea, it was seen to be in direct conflict with ideals of previous philosophers.†¦show more content†¦As a part of our research, we developed a survey of ten simple questions. These questions were designed to determine whether the student’s environment has affected their academic success. There were many patterns found in the collected data. As a group, we hypothesized that nature has a greater effect on an individual s academic success and upon our analysis of the data we continue to believe that an individual’s environment plays a pivotal role in their academic success. Based on the survey results, it declares that 95%, a vast majority, of the class set agrees that their environment has affected their educational experiences and academic career. The reports of Valerie Lee and David Burkham, authors of Inequality at the Starting Gate: Social Background Differences in Achievement as Children Begin School, are shared in Joel Spring’s American Education and show that there is indeed a connection between family factors and reading and math skills upon entering kindergarten. Skills that have been listed in correlation with stronger reading and math levels include: â€Å"frequency of reading at home, ownership of a home computer, exposure to performing arts, and preschool attendance† (Spring, 2013). Many students in our testing set could read before kindergarten and had access to

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Green Event Management and Initiatives for Sustainable Business Growth

Question: Describe the ways in which a good relationship between the event manager and client can be established and maintained. ? provide examples of the ways in which difficulties can be overcome. ? examine, in detail, the process required for organising an event at a private home. ? identify and describe the planning process when planning a small scale corporate event.? Answer: Building Relationship between manager and a client Building and keeping up customer connections is a focal piece of working life, and this is especially vital for specialists and little organizations. Distinctly Planning Projects: A venture arrangement ought to be encircled around clear goals, the deciding item your customer expects on conveyance. When one have created what needs to be delivered one can work out a definite course of events and concede to a due date. It is additionally the time to offer a quote and settle on the amount to be getting paid; along as this is concurred from the beginning there shouldn't be any clumsy debate further down the line. All through venture arranging and value transactions you and your customer ought to be cordial and open to correspondence. It leads on to the next tip (Andersson, Getz, Mykletun, 2014). Impart, Share Knowledge Openly, and Effectively: Correspondence is vital in all aspects of our lives, not minimum in our work and business relations. In today's universe of mass communication, th ere is an enormous mixture of approaches to staying in touch with your customers, from email and social networking to telephone calls or even dated paper mail. One ought to make oneself as accessible as could reasonably be expected for customers to get in contact, and answer expeditiously and obligingly to any inquiries (Drucker, 2012). Oversee Time and Meet set dates: It is essential to keep up customer connections up to standard. In the event that you have arranged the venture course of events naturally and practically, fitting it into your general work and life plan, then this shouldn't be an issue. There are various programming bundles and applications accessible to help with time following, and great dated logbooks and journals are extraordinary for arranging your work and perceiving how it identifies with your different duties (Della-Lucia, 2013). Overcoming Obstacles Managing and Staffing: As the little business develops, there's nothing more essential that discovering and procuring an extraordinary group. Staffing your organization with devoted ability is one of the swiftest approaches to verify you're developing in the right bearing. Staying Competitive: Keeping in mind the end goal to stay aggressive, your little business must make a client driven showcasing arrangement that is persistently hardening your associations with your target market. Being client driven means satisfying your clients needs and needs in ways that surpass their desires. It means creating items and administrations in view of the client's issues most importantly (Drucker, 2012). Money Management: A standout amongst essential parts of maintaining a little business is staying informed regarding the cash you make how its spent, what kind of slant it is taking on this issue and where it is going. Process of Organizing an Event 1. Createeventgoalandobjectivesdelineatingwhy are yousorting out thisoccasionandwhatdoyouwant to accomplish. 2. Sort out a team to handle the greater part of the points of interest for example venue administration; speakers; amusement; exposure; supports; and volunteer administration 3. Set a date for a reoccurring occasion, however in the event that this is another occasion, make sure to consider the other events and holidays before firming up the date: 4. Brand the event by concocting an element general subject, and you have to bring extraordinary consideration with the genuine name since it can be a key enticement, particularly in online media. Conceptualize names, tagline, and logo. 5. Make a master plan that envelop all parts of the occasion, including venue, logistics and catering administration contracts, licenses, protection, and so forth. 6. Focus administrative processes and stay informed concerning your arranging, enrollment, plan, visitor and speakers records, and so on. 7. Recognize sponsors and partners that one can band together with or approach for sponsorships to settle the expenses and build potential interest. When you include other individuals or gatherings on your occasion, they have a stake in helping spread the word and making the occasion a win. 8. Make a plan of publicity. Occasion advancement begins with the starting notice or page on your site, note in your bulletin or email to spare the date, and afterward fabricates to incorporate online and disconnected from the net reputation, media relations and on-set effort to support enlistment. 9. Create a budget that joins gauges for the majority of the key things recognized in your Event Master Plan. Keep in mind to incorporate any travel or convenience costs for speakers, moderators, and so on. 10. Focus evaluation procedure so as to measure accomplishment by the quantity of registrants or actively present people or is it subject to you earning back the original investment or bringing a target sum up in gifts. The Process of Planning a Small-scale Corporate Event Setting Secure Goals: The main venture of the administration arranging procedure is to distinguish particular organization objectives. This part of the arranging process ought to incorporate a clear diagram of every objective, including the purpose behind its choice and the foreseen results of objective related ventures. Where conceivable, destinations ought to be portrayed in quantitative or subjective terms. An illustration of an objective is to raise benefits by twenty-five percent over a twelve-month period (Getz, 2012). Distinguish Resources: Every objective ought to have budgetary, and HR projections connected with its finishing. For instance, an administration arrangement may recognize what number of sales representatives it will require and the amount it will cost to meet the objective of expanding deals by twenty-five percent (Masterman, 2014). Make Goal-Related Tasks: Every objective ought to have assignments or undertakings connected with its accomplishment. For instance, if an objective is to raise benefits by 25 percent, a chief will need to blueprint the undertakings needed to meet that target. Cases of errands may incorporate expanding the business staff or creating propelled deals preparing procedures (Getz, 2012). Organize Goals and Tasks: Organizing objectives and assignments is about requesting targets regarding their significance. The undertakings esteemed most critical will hypothetically be approached and finished first. The organizing procedure might likewise reflect steps fundamental in finishing an assignment or accomplishing an objective (Masterman, 2014). Make Assignments and Timelines: As the organization organizes ventures, it must make timetables for finishing related assignments and allow people to finish them. This segment of the administration arranging methodology ought to consider the capacities of staff individuals and the time important to practically finish assignments. For instance, the business supervisor in this situation may be given the month to month winning amounts to keep focused on the objective of expanding deals (Peterson, 2014). Create Evaluation Methods: An administration arranging procedure ought to incorporate a system for assessing the advancement toward objective culmination all through a secured period. One approach to do this is through asking for a month to the month advancement report from division heads (Rojek, 2014). Distinguish option strategies: Indeed, even the best-laid arrangements can once in a while be thrown off track by unanticipated occasions. An administration arrangement ought to incorporate an emergency course of action if certain parts of the strategy end up being unattainable. Option game plans can be fused to every fragment of the arranging procedure, or for the arrangement in its sum (Phi, Dredge, Whitford, 2014). References Ahmad, N. L., Rashid, W. E. W., Razak, N. A., Yusof, A. N. M., Shah, N. S. M. (2013). Green Event Management and Initiatives for Sustainable Business Growth. International Journal of Trade, Economics Finance, 4(5). Andersson, T. D., Getz, D., Mykletun, R. J. (Eds.). (2014). Festival and event management in Nordic countries. Routledge. Della Lucia, M. (2013). Economic performance measurement systems for event planning and investment decision making. Tourism Management, 34, 91-100. Drucker, P. (2012). Management. Routledge. Getz, D. (2012). Event studies: discourses and future directions. Event Management, 16(2), 171 187. Masterman, G. (2014). Strategic sports event management. Routledge. Peterson, J. (2014, November). Covering the Bases: Event Planning for a Substantial and Diverse Honors Population. In 2014 Annual Conference. Nchc. Phi, G., Dredge, D., Whitford, M. (2014). Understanding conflicting perspectives in event planning and management using Q method. Tourism Management, 40, 406-415. Rojek, C. (2014). Global event management: A critique. Leisure Studies, 33(1), 32-47. Urmy, M. B., Sexton, J. A., Curtis, J. A. (2013). U.S. Patent No. 8,615,504. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Spotted Horses Vs Mule In The Yard free essay sample

Patched Horses Vs. Mule In The Yard Essay, Research Paper Patched Horses Vs. Mule in the Yard William Faulkner wrote two short narratives, which are likewise in many facets. Patched Horses and Mule in the Yard are short narratives that both involve amusing animate being pursuits and fiscal minutess. Even though the narratives are written by the same writer, have similar features, and portion similar secret plan characteristics, they are wholly different narratives. The narratives are both illustrations of interpretative literature, nevertheless Patched Horses is a more interpretative short narrative than Mule in the Yard because Spotted Horses fits Perrine s profile of interpretative literature, and Mule in the Yard seems to retroflex Perrine s profile of flight literature. Harmonizing to Laurence Perrine in his 7th edition of Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense he states the definition of interpretative literature is Literature written to intensify and broaden and sharpen our consciousness of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Spotted Horses Vs Mule In The Yard or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Interpretative literature is non candy coated. It allows its readers to see the tests and trials of life. By utilizing diagrammatically realistic secret plans and terminations, which are consistent to those in existent life, interpretative literature achieves a higher literary value than escape literature. Interpretative literature allows its reader excessively step out of the fantasy universe they might be populating in and concentrate on what the universe is truly approximately. One might state an interpretative narrative provides insight to understanding. Not merely understanding of ourselves, but our neighbours, friends, household or anyone else we might meet. Escape literature is the complete antonym of interpretative literature. Escape literature is written strictly for amusement. Escape literature takes it s reader out of the existent universe and into a fantasy universe where everything plants and happens merely like we want it to. This is a universe where the stoping ever has closing. Escapist writers barely of all time stop on a bad note. They want the reader to go forth the pages of their narrative satisfied, and holding a sense of contentment. Perrine s illustration of flight literature is Cinderella. Cinderella s life goes from shreds to wealths in one dark. She marries a prince and lives merrily of all time after. Harmonizing to Perrine the most common outlooks of flight literature readers are the sympathetic heroes or heroines, the suspenseful secret plan which one exciting event returns another, the resolved happy result, and the subject. Escape literature subjects confirm the reader s old sentiments of the universe. Readers of flight literature read for pleasance non to garner cognition on how to last in the existent universe. The difference between flight literature and interpretative literature has nil to make with the absence or presence of ethical motives, facts, phantasy, or history. The chief difference between the two is the intent for which the narrative is written. Mule in the Yard by William Faulkner is an interpretative narrative. Howe ver, Patched Horses is a more interpretative narrative. Even though Mule in the Yard is interpretative, it has a few flight literature qualities. The supporter for Mule in the Yard was Mrs. Hait, and the adversary was Snopes. The cardinal struggle between the two of them was that Snopes had succeeded in killing Mrs. Hait s hubby and acquiring off with it. Justice being served resolved the struggle. Snope s fraud efforts where discovered by the insurance bureau, and Mrs. Hait got her retaliation by hiting his mule. This explains your typical reader friendly escapist stoping. Where as, in Patched Horses, the stoping is more unsolved. Patched Horses uses a more true to life state of affairs where what the reader would pigeonhole as an unhappy or undetermined stoping because justness was non served and good did non predominate over immorality. Patched Horses is a more interpretative narrative than Mule in the Yard because of the plausibleness of the happenstances. The full transition about the fire in Mule in the Yard seems impossible. The opportunities are slender to none of Mrs. Hait go forthing the pail of hot coals and the heap of fire priming pitch pine acerate leafs set following to the steps taking down to the marketer, where Snopes merely so happened to go forth the door opened. None of it truly seems possible. Patched Horses has a few happenstances, but they are slightly problematic. The fact that Eula Varner was pregnant and had to acquire married, so Flem Snopes married her to be able to take advantage of her household more exhaustively was one case of happenstance. We know from experience many people use their place on to travel up in the universe. By pull stringsing the people in a state of affairs, one can many times either net income or better them as a consequence. Flem may hold merely been working to bette r himself by replying the door while chance was strike harding. This may hold non been a happenstance. William Faulkner may hold merely used this case to assistance in his word picture of Flem Snopes. Another of Perrine s outlooks of flight literature can be described as a busy secret plan. This is where something is ever go oning throughout the narrative to maintain the readers attending. The secret plan used in Mule in the Yard resembles the description. There is ever something traveling on between Mrs. Hait and Snopes. Mrs. Hait s hubby gets killed, she and Snopes fight over money, Mrs. Hait s house burns down, she and Snopes fight over money once more, Snopes gets busted for fraud by the insurance company, and Mrs. Hait shoots a mule all this happens in 90 paragraphs. Once once more, Patched Horses is proved to be the more interpretative of the two narratives because it s secret plan was non written for amusement. There is no suspense in Patched Horses. Mule in the Yard is non a bad narrative. It is really an interpretative piece of literature. There are some cases where it could be marginal flight literature, but overall it is interpretative. When compared to Spotted Horses, it is the more dreamer of the two.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Critique of ADA and Affirmative Action essays

Critique of ADA and Affirmative Action essays Affirmative Action is designed to introduce individuals of different races, ethnic groups, religious affiliations, and genders into occupations and work places where they historically have not been present, have been underrepresented, or have not been represented in leadership capacities. However, the selection process can occasionally hurt members of those populations the policy was designed to help. This is not simply because it causes individuals to question the real' credentials of underrepresented groups who would be qualified, otherwise, without such a program. Affirmative Action negates the fact that there may be other reasons than racism for the dominance of certain groups in certain professions. Consider the presence of male counselors in a rape crisis center that is attempting to achieve a more balanced gender mixa raped woman might not feel as comfortable talking to a male counselor. However sensitive and qualified the male counselor may actually be as a human being and a professional, the woman who has just undergone a major trauma and assault to her dignity might not be able to immediately perceive this. She may merely see a male face. Even women in less extreme emotional states, in counseling or social services situations on a one-to-one level, might be more apt to misinterpret and react in a hostile fashion to the male counselor's questions or comments about her sexual behavior, decisions to have children or not to have children, and problems with husbands and boyfriends. Recent immigrants from cultures with strong male/female social divisions and highly prohibitive structures upon social and professional interactions between the genders might encounter even more difficulties opening up' about personal, female matters as well. Discuss the issues of an agency offering accessibility to all (ADA) what would be the impact of the costs i...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Treasures in the Dust essays

Treasures in the Dust essays One day after school Ponyboy and his friend Johnny took two Soc girls out to the movies, they were walking home when five Socs jumped them. The Socs were mad at them for taking their girls on dates. Bob (one of the Socs) was about to drown Ponyboy in a fountain when Johnny lost it and stabbed him. The Socs ran and so did Johnny and Ponyboy. After this incident they ran to a church outside of town. One day the church catches on fire. Johnny and Ponyboy save the kids that were playing in the abandoned church. Johnny pushed Ponyboy out of the church right as the roof caved in killing Johnny. Ponyboy and Johnny were heroes. They ruled that Ponyboy was just fighting back in self-defense. Ponyboy eventually writes a book about what has happened to him, the book that Ponyboy starts to write, starts the same way the novel starts. Ponyboy is a nice kid that's parents were killed in a car crash when he was young. Ponyboy has light brown almost red hair, and greenish-gray eyes. He has long hair that is squared off in the back. Ponyboy is a skittish kid; he was always worried about getting jumped by the Socs. But when you are a greaser walking on the streets alone, you have the right to worry about being jumped by the Socs. Ponyboy does a lot of growing up in the book that makes him a dynamic character. He has to cope with a lot of frustration with his two older brothers and with the Socs. He handles it pretty well until one day when he was being jumped by the Socs he spit on one of them that started a brawl that escalated into a murder. Ponyboy has a good relationship with Johnny. Johnny saved Ponyboy's life by killing a Soc when the Soc was drowning Ponyboy. Ponyboy and Johnny have to hide out in an old abandoned church together. They were best friends. Johnny's last words to Ponyboy were "Stay gold, Ponyboy. Stay gold_" This says that Johnny thought that Ponyboy was a great person, and that he wanted him to stay a wonderful and great pers...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

FACTORS THAT CAUSES THE BREAST CANCER IN YOUNG WOMEN Essay

FACTORS THAT CAUSES THE BREAST CANCER IN YOUNG WOMEN - Essay Example Various signs and symptoms are used in the detection of breast cancer. Self examination to feel for lumpy swellings is the most common method of self examining. Breast cancer may not be avoided, but it can be treated early if detected early without any serious damage to the young women. Statistics show that approximately 7% of young women are diagnosed with breast cancer and with early detection, 90% of those women are able to heal completely (Yankaskas, 2009). Identification of the research question is the first step towards conducting a solid research. In this case, the research question is to identify the causes of breast cancer in young women (C.T.B., 2013). Understanding breast cancer, its definition, symptoms, causes, and risk factors will help cover the research topic extensively. Understanding the age limit for the women considered as young in the case of breast cancer prognosis helps narrow down the causes. In this case, the young women are considered to be aged 40 years and below. Knowing this helps eliminate some causes and risk factors that lead to breast cancer that are associated with old age. The research study would also include a categorization of the different types of breast cancer. This will help clarify which type of breast cancer is responsible for the prevalence numbers of breast cancer in young women. This can be realized by reading widely. There are many ways that can be used to obtain reading resources. These incl ude, use of libraries, archives, and the internet as an academic source. In choosing the materials to use for research, understanding the topic helps narrow down the materials to use. The first thing is to understand what breast cancer is. There are many academic journals that have the definitions and terms associated with breast cancer. The use of a library can be very beneficial in this topic. Librarians have extensive knowledge on what books and journals can be beneficial to your research (SUNY, 2012). Inquiring from the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Mechanical Engineering Graduate School Personal Statement

Mechanical Engineering Graduate School - Personal Statement Example I have taken courses in advanced mathematics as well as engineering physics classes. I have also had research experience which is a critical component in master’s programs. In particular, I have been on two research projects dealing specifically with the construction of different types of robots and looking at the future of commercial production of robots for daily household use. I have also had experience in the industry as well. I worked at H.C. Starck Inc. as an intern where I learned essential skills that were important to work there, but also give me foundational knowledge going into the masters program. In particular, I learned about maintenance and quality control of the products produced as well as data basing. My goals are very compatible with your program in mechanical engineering. My short term career goal is to receive a position on or start managing an interdisciplinary research and development team. I believe that I can successfully accomplish this by focusing on research in the master’s program by facilitating cooperation in engineering teams as well as learning how to overcome engineering obstacles in research. Eventually, I would like to teach and become a professor of robotics or human factor engineering so that I can pass down the experience and knowledge that I have learned to the next generation of engineers.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Importance of Agriculture in Economy Essay Example for Free

Importance of Agriculture in Economy Essay The direct contribution of the agriculture sector to national economy is reflected by its share in total GDP, its foreign exchange earnings, and its role in supplying savings and labor to other sectors. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fishing accounted for 18.5 percent of total Indian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2005-06 (at 1999-2000 constant prices) and employed about 58 percent of the countrys workforce (CSO, 2007). It accounted for 10.95 percent of India’s exports in 2005-06 (GoI, 2007) and about 46 percent of Indias geographical area is used for agricultural activity. There has been a structural transformation in the Indian economy during the past few decades. The composition of Gross Domestic Product at 1993-94 constant prices reveals that the share of agriculture including forestry and fishing has declined as growth in industrial and services sectors far outpaced agricultural sector (Figure 1). The share of mining, manufacturing, electricity and construction sector has increased from 21.6 percent in 1970-71 to 27 percent in 2004-05 and services sector has increased significantly from 32 percent to 52.4 percent during the same period. Despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, agriculture is still an important sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of the country. Therefore, fostering rapid, sustained and broad-based growth in agriculture remains key priority for the government. Consistent with the trends of economic development at national level, role of agricultural sector in the state economies is also changing rapidly. The share of agriculture in Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) has declined significantly during the last two decades. In some States, such as Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Orissa, the sector today contributes more than one-quarter of GSDP, while in some states, such as Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, the sector contributes less than 20 percent to GSDP (Figure 2). However, contribution of agriculture to GSDP has declined in almost all States between 1993-94 and 2004-05. The decline was the highest in Karnataka (16%), followed by Haryana (14.2%), and Kerala (13.7%). In Karnataka, decline was mainly due to significant increase in the share of service sector (from 37.9% in 1993-94 to 54.7% in 2004-05) mainly driven by informational technology (IT) industry. Similar is the case with Haryana the decline is due to faster development of services sector in cities around the national capital, Delhi. Despite declining share of agriculture in the economy, majority of workforce continue to depend on agricultural sector for employment and in rural areas dependence on agriculture is more as nearly 75 percent of rural population is employed in agricultural sector. However, there is disguised employment in the sector due to limited opportunities for rural non-farm employment. This disguised employment leads to lower labor and resources productivity in the sector relative to other sectors of the economy. The low labor productivity leads to higher rates of poverty in rural areas (Figure 3). Agriculture in India is constitutionally the responsibility of the states rather than the central government. The central governments role is in formulating policy and providing financial resources for agriculture to the states. Agriculture finance Meaning: Agricultural finance generally means studying, examining and analyzing the financial aspects pertaining to farm business, which is the core sector of India. The financial aspects include money matters relating to production of agricultural products and their disposal. Definition of Agricultural finance: Murray (1953) defined agricultural. finance as â€Å"an economic study of borrowing funds by farmers, the organization and operation of farm lending agencies and of society’s interest in credit for agriculture .† Tandon and Dhondyal (1962) defined agricultural. finance â€Å"as a branch of agricultural economics, which deals with and financial resources related to individual farm units.† What is Agriculture Finance Agricultural finance is the study of financing and liquidity services credit provides to farm borrowers. It is also considered as the study of those financial intermediaries who provide loan funds to agriculture and the financial markets in which these intermediaries obtain their loanable funds. John B. Penson, Jr. and David A. Lins (1980) Why Agriculture Finance India is mainly an agricultural country. Agriculture accounts for approximately 33 percent of Indias GDP and employs nearly 62 percent of the population. It accounts for 8.56 % of Indias exports. About 43 % of Indias geographical area is used for agricultural activity. Agricultural production in this country depends upon millions of small farmers. It is intensity of their effort and the efficiency of their technique that will help in raising yields per acre. Finance in agriculture is as important as development of technologies. Technical inputs can be purchased and used by farmer only if he has money (funds). But his own money is always inadequate and he needs outside finance or credit. Because of inadequate financial resources and absence of timely credit facilities at reasonable rates, many of the farmers, even though otherwise willing, are unable to go in for improved seeds and manures or to introduce better methods or techniques. The farming community must be kept informed about the various sources of agriculture finance. Agricultural finance possesses its usefulness to the farmers, lenders and extension workers. The knowledge of lending institutions, their legal and regulatory environment helps in selecting the appropriate lender who can adequately provide the credit with terms and related services needed to finance the farm business. Nature and Scope: Agricultural finance can be dealt at both micro level and macro level. Macrofinance deals with different sources of raising funds for agriculture as a whole in the economy. It is also concerned with the lending procedure, rules, regulations, monitoring and controlling of different agricultural credit institutions. Hence macro-finance is related to financing of agriculture at aggregate level. Micro-finance refers to financial management of the individual farm business units. And it is concerned with the study as to how the individual farmer considers various sources of credit, quantum of credit to be borrowed from each source and how he allocates the same among the alternative uses with in the farm. It is also concerned with the future use of funds. Therefore, macro-finance deals with the aspects relating to total credit needs of the agricultural sector, the terms and conditions under which the credit is available and the method of use of total credit for the development of agriculture, while micro-finance refers to the financial management of individual farm business. Significance of Agricultural Finance: 1) Agril finance assumes vital and significant importance in the agro – socio – economic development of the country both at macro and micro level. 2) It is playing a catalytic role in strengthening the farm business and augmenting the productivity of scarce resources. When newly developed potential seeds are combined with purchased inputs like fertilizers plant protection chemicals in appropriate / requisite proportions will result in higher productivity. 3) Use of new technological inputs purchased through farm finance helps to increase the agricultural productivity. 4) Accretion to in farm assets and farm supporting infrastructure provided by large scale financial investment activities results in increased farm income levels leading to increased standard of living of rural masses. 5) Farm finance can also reduce the regional economic imbalances and is equally good at reducing the inter–farm asset and wealth variations. 6) Farm finance is like a lever with both forward and backward linkages to the economic development at micro and macro level. 7) As Indian agriculture is still traditional and subsistence in nature, agricultural finance is needed to create the supporting infrastructure for adoption of new technology.   8) Massive investment is needed to carry out major and minor irrigation projects, rural electrification, installation of fertilizer and pesticide plants, execution of agricultural promotional programmes and poverty alleviation programmes in the country .LECTURE -2 Credit needs in A Credit needs in Agriculture – meaning and definition of credit-classification of credit based on time, purpose, security, lender and borrower. _____________________________________________________________________ The word â€Å"credit† comes from the Latin word â€Å"Credo† which means â€Å"I believe†. Hence credit is based up on belief, confidence, trust and faith. Credit is other wise called as loan. Definition: Credit / loan is certain amount of money provided for certain purpose on certain conditions with some interest, which can be repaid sooner (or) later. According to Professor Galbraith credit is the â€Å"temporary transfer of asset from one who has to other who has not† Credit needs in Agriculture: Agricultural credit is one of the most crucial inputs in all agricultural development programmes. For a long time, the major source of agricultural credit was private moneylenders. But this source of credit was inadequate, highly expensive and exploitative. To curtail this, a multi-agency approach consisting of cooperatives, commercial banks ands regional rural banks credit has been adopted to provide cheaper, timely and adequate credit to farmers. The financial requirements of the Indian farmers are for, 1. Buying agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, feed and fodder for cattle etc. 2. Supporting their families in those years when the crops have not been good. 3. Buying additional land, to make improvements on the existing land, to clear old debt and purchase costly agricultural machinery. 4. Increasing the farm efficiency as against limiting resources i.e. hiring of irrigation water lifting devices, labor and machinery Credit can be classified on the basis of time, purpose, security, lender and borrower. (i)Time classification:- It classifies credit into three groups, i.e. short, medium and long term. (a) Short-Term (for periods up to 15 months): The short-term loans are generally advanced for meeting annual recurring purchases such as, seed, feed, fertilizers, hired labour expenses, pesticides, weedicides, hired machinery charges, etc., and termed as seasonal loans/crop loans/production loans. These are expected to be repaid after the harvest. It is expected that the loan plus interest would be repaid from the income received through the enterprise in which it was invested. The time limit to repay such loans is a year or at the most 18 months. (b) Medium-Term (from 15 months up to 5 years): Medium-term loans are advanced for comparatively longer lived assets such as machinery, diesel engine, wells, irrigation structure, threshers, shelters, crushers, draught and milch animals, dairy/poultry sheds, etc., where the returns accruing from increase in farm assets in spread over more than one production period. The usual repayment period for such type of loan is from fifteen months to five years. (c) Long-Term (above 5 Years): Loans repayable over a longer period (i.e. above 5 years) are classified as long-term loans. Long-term loans are related to the long lifed assets such as heavy machinery, land and its reclamation, errection of farm buildings, construction of permanent-drainage or irrigation system, etc. which require large sums of money for initial investment. The benefits generated through such assets are spread over the entire life of the asset. The normal repayment period for such loans ranges from five to fifteen or ev en upto 20 years. (ii) Purpose classification:- Credit is also classified based on purpose of loans e.g. crop loan, poultry/dairy/piggery loan, irrigation loan, machinery and equipment loan, forestry loan, fishery loan etc. These loans signify the close relationship between time and use as well as rate of return (or profitability). Some times loans are also classified as production and consumption loans due to the fact that production loans are diverted for consumption purposes by the weaker sections. So, the banks have also started financing for consumption purposes (exclusively for home consumption expenditures) besides financing for the production purposes. The consumption loans are also to be repaid from the sale proceeds of the crop. (iii) Security classification:- Security offered/obtained provides another basis for classifying the loans. The secured loans are advanced as against the security of some tangible personal property such as land, livestock and other capital assets, i.e., medium and long term loans. The borrowers credit worthiness may act much more than the security offered, which if doubtful may result willful default. Moreover, the secured loans are further classified on the basis of type of security e.g. mortgage loans, where legal mortgage of some property such as land is offered to the lender, i.e., loans for intangible property such as land improvement, irrigation infrastructures, etc. and hypothecated loans, where legal ownership of the asset financed remains with the lender though physical possession with the borrowers i.e. loans for tangible property such as tractor, machinery and equipments. The private money lenders, usually possess items such as gold ornaments / jewellery or land as security, which reminds the borrower about his obligations of loan repayments. On the contrary, unsecured loans are generally advanced without offering any security e.g. short-term crop loans. (iv) Lender classification:- Credit is also classified on the basis of lender such as (a) Institutional Credit e.g. co-operative loans, commercial bank loans and government loans; (b) Non-Institutional Credit e.g. professional and agricultural money lenders, traders and commission agents, relatives and friends etc. (v) Borrower classification:- The credit is also classified on the basis of type of borrowers (i.e., production or business activity as well as size of business) such as crop farmers, dairy farmers, poultry farmers, fisherman, rural artisans etc. or agricultural labourers, marginal/small/medium/large farmers, hill farmers or tribal farmers etc. Such classification has equity considerations. credit is broadly classified based on various criteria: 1. Based on time: This classification is based on the repayment period of the loan. It is sub-divided in to 3 types Short–term loans: These loans are to be repaid within a period of 6 to 18 months. All crop loans are said to be short–term loans, but the length of the repayment period varies according to the duration of crop. The farmers require this type of credit to meet the expenses of the ongoing agricultural operations on the farm like sowing, fertilizer application, plant protection measures, payment of wages to casual labourers etc. The borrower is supposed to repay the loan from the sale proceeds of the crops raised. Medium – term loans: Here the repayment period varies from 18 months to 5 years. These loans are required by the farmers for bringing about some improvements on his farm by way of purchasing implements, electric motors, milch cattle, sheep and goat, etc. The relatively longer period of repayment of these loans is due to their partially-liquidating nature. Long – term loans: These loans fall due for repayment over a long time ranging from 5 years to more than 20 years or even more. These loans together with medium terms loans are called investment loans or term loans. These loans are meant for permanent improvements like levelling and reclamation of land, construction of farm buildings, purchase of tractors, raising of orchards ,etc. Since these activities require large capital, a longer period is required to repay these loans due to their non liquidating nature. 2. Based on Purpose: Based on purpose, credit is sub-divided in to 4 types.   Production loans: These loans refer to the credit given to the farmers for crop production and are intended to increase the production of crops. They are also called as seasonal agricultural operations (SAO) loans or short – term loans or crop loans. These loans are repayable with in a period ranging from 6 to 18 months in lumpsum .Investment loans: These are loans given for purchase of equipment the productivity of which is distributed over more than one year. Loans given for tractors, pumpsets, tube wells, etc. Marketing loans: These loans are meant to help the farmers in overcoming the distress sales and to market the produce in a better way. Regulated markets and commercial banks, based on the warehouse receipt are lending in the form of marketing loans by advancing 75 per cent of the value of the produce. These loans help the farmers to clear off their debts and dispose the produce at remunerative prices. Consumption loans: Any loan advanced for some purpose other than production is broadly categorized as consumption loan. These loans seem to be unproductive but indirectly assist in more productive use of the crop loans i.e. with out diverting then to other purposes. Consumption loans are not very widely advanced and restricted to the areas which are hit by natural calamities. These loams are extended based on group guarantee basis with a maximum of three members. The loan is to be repaid with in 5 crop seasons or 2.5 years whichever is less. The branch manager is vested with the discretionary power of sanctioning these loans up to Rs. 5000 in each individual case. The rate of interest is around 11 per cent. The scheme may be extended to 1) IRDP beneficiaries 2) Small and marginal farmers 3) Landless Agril. Laborers 4) Rural artisans 5) Other people with very small means of livelihood hood such as carpenters, barbers, washermen, etc. 3. Based on security: The loan transactions between lender and borrower are governed by confidence and this assumption is confined to private lending to some extent, but the institutional financial agencies do have their own procedural formalities on credit transactions. Therefore it is essential to classify the loans under this category into two sub-categories viz., secured and unsecured loans. Secured loans: Loans advanced against some security by the borrower are termed as secured loans. Various forms of securities are offered in obtaining the loans and they are of following types. I. Personal security: Under this, borrower himself stands as the guarantor. Loan is advanced on the farmer’s promissory note. Third party guarantee may or may not be insisted upon (i.e. based on the understanding between the lender and the borrower) II. Collateral Security: Here the property is pledged to secure a loan. The movable properties of the individuals like LIC bonds, fixed deposit bonds, warehouse receipts, machinery, livestock etc, are offered as security. III. Chattel loans: Here credit is obtained from pawn-brokers by pledging movable properties such as jewellery, utensils made of various metals, etc. IV. Mortgage: As against to collateral security, immovable properties are presented for security purpose For example, land, farm buildings, etc. The person who is creating the charge of mortgage is called mortgagor (borrower) and the person in whose favour it is created is known as the mortgagee (banker). Mortgages are of two types a) Simple mortgage: When the mortgaged property is ancestrally inherited property of borrower then simple mortgage holds good. Here, the farmer borrower has to register his property in the name of the banking institution as a security for the loan he obtains. The registration charges are to be borne by the borrower. b) Equitable mortgage: When the mortgaged property is self-acquired property of the borrower, then equitable mortgage is applicable. In this no such registration is required, because the ownership rights are clearly specified in the title deeds in the name of farmer-borrower. V. Hypothecated loans: Borrower has ownership right on his movable and the banker has legal right to take a possession of property to sale on default (or) a right to sue the owner to bring the property to sale and for realization of the amount due. The person who creates the charge of hypothecation is called as hypothecator (borrower) and the person in whose favor it is created is known as hypothecate (bank) and the property, which is denoted as hypothecated property. This happens in the case of tractor loans, machinery loans etc. Under such loans the borrower will not have any right to sell the equipment until the loan is cleared off. The borrower is allowed to use the purchased machinery or equipment so as to enable him pay the loan installment regularly. Hypothecated loans again are of two types viz., key loans and open loans. a) Key loans : The agricultural produce of the farmer borrower will be kept under the control of lending institutions and the loan is advanced to the farmer . This helps the farmer from not resorting to distress sales. b) Open loans: Here only the physical possession of the purchased machinery rests with the borrower, but the legal ownership remains with the lending institution till the loan is repaid. Unsecured loans: Just based on the confidence between the borrower and lender, the loan transactions take place. No security is kept against the loan amount 4. Lender’s classification: Credit is also classified on the basis of lender such as Institutional credit: Here are loans are advanced by the institutional agencies like co-operatives, commercial banks. Ex: Co-operative loans and commercial bank loans. Non-institutional credit : Here the individual persons will lend the loans Ex: Loans given by professional and agricultural money lenders, traders, commission agents, relatives, friends, etc. 5. Borrower’s classification: The credit is also classified on the basis of type of borrower. This classification has equity considerations. Based on the business activity like farmers, dairy farmers, poultry farmers, pisiculture farmers, rural artisans etc. Based on size of the farm: agricultural labourers, marginal farmers, small farmers , medium farmers , large farmers , Based on location hill farmers (or) tribal farmers. 6. Based on liquidity: The credit can be classified into two types based on liquidity and they are Self-liquidating loans: They generate income immediately and are to be paid with in one year or after the completion of one crop season. Ex: crop loans. ï‚ · Partially -liquidating: They will take some time to generate income and can be repaid in 2-5 years or more, based on the economic activity for which the loan was taken. Ex: Dairy loans, tractor loans, orchard loans etc., 7. Based on approach: Individual approach: Loans advanced to individuals for different purposes will fall under this category Area based approach: Loans given to the persons falling under given area for specific purpose will be categorized under this. Ex: Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) loans, etc Differential Interest Rate (DIR) approach: Under this approach loans will be given to the weaker sections @ 4 per cent per annum. 8. Based on contact: Direct Loans: Loans extended to the farmers directly are called direct loans. Ex: Crop loans. Indirect loans: Loans given to the agro-based firms like fertilizer and pesticide industries, which are indirectly beneficial to the farmers aSource of Agricultural Credit are called iidirct loans. The sources of agricultural finance are broadly classified into two categories: (A) Noninstitutional Credit Agencies or informal sources, and (B) Institutional Credit Agencies or Formal Sources. A. Non-institutional Credit Agencies i) Traders and Commission Agents: Traders and commission agents advance loans to agriculturists for productive purposes against their crop without completing legal formalities. It often becomes obligatory for farmers to buy inputs and sell output through them. They charge a very heavy rate of interest on the loan and a commission on all the sales and purchases, making it exploitative in nature. ii) Landlords: Mostly small farmers and tenants depend on landlords for meeting their production and day to day financial requirements. iii) Money lenders: Despite rapid development in rural branches of different institutional credit agencies, village money lenders still dominate the scene. Money lenders are of two types- agriculturist money lenders who combine their money lending job with farming and professional money lenders whose sole job is money lending. A number of reasons have been attributed for the popularity of moneylenders such as: (a) they meet demand for productive as well as unproductive requirement; (b) they are easily approachable at odd hours; and (c) they require very low paper work and advances are given against promissory notes or land. Money lenders charge a very high rate of interest as they take advantage of the urgency of the situation. Over the years a need for regulation of money lending has been felt. But lack of institutional credit access to certain sections and areas had facilitated unhindered operation of money lending. B. Institutional Credit Agencies The evolution of institutional credit to agriculture could be broadly classified into four distinct phases 1904-1969 (predominance of co-operatives and setting up of RBI), 1969-1975 [nationalisation of commercial banks and setting up of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)], 1975-1990 (setting up of NABARD) and from 1991 onwards (financial sector reforms). Institutional funding of the farm sector is mainly by commercial banks, regional rural banks and co-operative banks. Share of commercial banks in total institutional credit to agriculture is almost 48 percent followed by cooperative banks with a share of 46 per cent. Regional Rural Banks account for just about 6 per cent of total credit disbursement. i) Government: These are both short term as well as long-term loans. These loans are popularly known as Taccavi loans which are generally advanced in times of natural calamities. The rate of interest is low. But it is not a major source of agricultural finance. ii) Cooperative Credit Societies: The history of cooperative movement in India dates back to 1904 when first Cooperative Credit Societies Act was passed by the Government. The scope of the Act was restricted to establishment of primary credit societies and non-credit societies were left out of its purview. The shortcomings of the Act were rectified through passing another Act called Cooperative Societies Act 1912. The Act gave provision for registration of all types of Cooperative Societies. This made the emergence of rural cooperatives both in the credit and noncredit areas, though with uneven spatial growth. In subsequent years a number of Committees were appointed and recommendations implemented to improve the functioning of the cooperatives. Soon after the independence, the Government of India following the recommendations of All India Rural Credit Survey Committee (1951) felt that cooperatives were the only alternative to promote agricultural credit and development of rural areas. Accordingly, cooperatives received substantial help in the provision of credit from Reserve Bank of India as a part of loan policy and large scale assistance from Central and State Governments for their development and strengthening. Many schemes involving subsidies and concessions for the weaker sections were routed through cooperatives. As a result cooperative institutions registered a remarkable growth in the post-independence India. iii) Commercial Banks: Previously commercial banks (CBs) were confined only to urban areas serving mainly to trade, commerce and industry. Their role in rural credit was meagre i.e., 0.9 per cent in 1951- 52 and 0.7 per cent in 1961-61. The insignificant participation of CBs in rural lending was explained by the risky nature of agriculture due to its heavy dependence on monsoon, unorganized nature and subsistence approach. A major change took place in the form of nationalisation of CBs in 1969 and CBs were made to play an active role in agricultural credit. At present, they are the largest source of institutional credit to agriculture. iv) Regional Rural Banks (RRBs): RRBs were set up in those regions where availability of institutional credit was found to be inadequate but potential for agricultural development was very high. However, the main thrust of the RRBs is to provide loans to small and marginal farmers, landless labourers and village artisans. These loans are advanced for productive purposes. At present 196 RRBs are functioning in the country lending around Rs 9,000 crore to rural people, particularly to weaker sections. v) Microfinancing: Microfinancing through Self Help Groups (SHG) has assumed prominence in recent years. SHG is group of rural poor who volunteer to organise themselves into a group for eradication of poverty of the members. They agree to save regularly and convert their savings into a common fund known as the Group corpus. The members of the group agree to use this common fund and such other funds that they may receive as a group through a common management. Generally, a self-help group consists of 10 to 20 persons. However, in difficult areas like deserts, hills and areas with scattered and sparse population and in case of minor irrigation and disabled persons, this number may range from 5-20. As soon as the SHG is formed and a couple of group meetings are held, an SHG can open a Savings Bank account with the nearest Commercial or Regional Rural Bank or a Cooperative Bank. This is essential to keep the thrift and other earnings of the SHG safely and also to improve the transparency levels of SHGs transactions. Opening of SB account, in fact, is the beginning of a relationship between the bank and the SHG. The Reserve Bank of India has issued instructions to all banks permitting them to open SB accounts in the name of registered or unregistered SHGs. Genesis and Historical Background The Committee to Review Arrangements for Institutional Credit for Agriculture and Rural Development (CRAFICARD) set up by the RBI under the Chairmanship of Shri B Sivaraman in its report submitted to Governor, Reserve Bank of India on November 28, 1979 recommended the establishment of NABARD. The Parliament through the Act 61 of 81, approved its setting up. The Committee after reviewing the arrangements came to the conclusion that a new arrangement would be necessary at the national level for achieving the desired focus and thrust towards integration of credit activities in the context of the strategy for Integrated Rural Development. Against the backdrop of the massive credit needs of rural development and the need to uplift the weaker sections in the rural areas within a given time horizon the arrangement called for a separate institutional set-up. Similarly. The Reserve Bank had onerous responsibilities to discharge in respect of its many basic functions of central banking in monetary and credit regulations and was not therefore in a position to devote undivided attention to the operational details of the emerging complex credit problems. Thispaved the way for the establishment of NABARD. CRAFICARD also found it prudent to integrate short term, medium term and long-term credit structure for the agriculture sector by establishing a new bank. NABARD is the result of this recommendation. It was set up with an initial capital of Rs 100 crore, which was enhanced to Rs 2,000 crore, fully subscribed Role and Functions †¢ NABARD is an apex institution accredited with all matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas. †¢ It is an apex refinancing agency for the institutions providing investment and production credit for promoting the various developmental activities in rural areas †¢ It takes measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system, including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring of credit institutions, training of personnel, etc. †¢ It co-ordinates the rural financing activities of all the institutions engaged in developmental work at the field level and maintains liaison with Government of India, State Governments, Reserve Bank of India and other national level institutions concerned with policy formulation. †¢ It prepares, on annual basis, rural credit plans for all districts in the country; these plans form the base for annual credit plans of all rural financial institutions †¢ It undertakes monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced by it. †¢ It promotes research in the fields of rural banking, agriculture and rural developmentby the Government of India and the RBI. Mission Promoting sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural development through effective credit support, related services, institution building and other innovative initiatives. In pursuing this mission, NABARD focuses its activities on: Credit functions, involving preparation of potential-linked credit plans annually for all districts of the country for identification of credit potential, monitoring the flow of ground level rural credit, issuing policy and operational guidelines to rural financing institutions and providing credit facilities to eligible institutions under various programmes Development functions, concerning reinforcement of the credit functions and making credit more productive Supervisory functions, ensuring the proper functioning of cooperative banks and regional rural banks Objectives NABARD was established in terms of the Preamble to the Act, for providing credit for the promotion of agriculture, small scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts and other allied economic activities in rural areas with a view to promoting IRDP and securing prosperity of rural areas and for matters connected therewith in incidental thereto. The main objectives of the NABARD as stated in the statement of objectives while placing the bill before the Lok Sabha were categorized as under : 1. The National Bank will be an apex organisation in respect of all matters relating to policy, planning operational aspects in the field of credit for promotion of Agriculture, Small Scale Industries, Cottage and Village Industries, Handicrafts and other rural crafts and other allied economic activities in rural areas. 2. The Bank will serve as a refinancing institution for institutional credit such as long-term, short-term for the promotion of activities in the rural areas. 3. The Bank will also provide direct lending to any institution as may approved by the Central Government. 4. The Bank will have organic links with the Reserve Bank and maintain a close link with in. sources of Funds Authorised share capital of NABARD is Rs 500 crores and issues and paid up capital is Rs 100 crores. NABARD accrues additional funds from borrowings from the Government of India and any institution approved by the Government of India, issue and sale of bonds i.e. Rural Infrastructural Development Bond, borrowings from RBI, deposits from State Governments and local authorities and gifts and grants received . NABARD have been providing financial assistance to various financial institutions engaged in Rural Credit Delivery System. These agencies include Co-operative Credit Institutions, Regional Rural Banks and Commercial Banks. The demand for funds for rural development has come up considerably in recent times. To meet the increasing demand of rural credit, NABARD raises funds from the following sources: (i) Capital: It went up from Rs.100 crore in March 1992 to Rs.1500 crore in March 1998 and further Rs. 2000 crore in 1999. The total Capital of NABARD is contributed by Government of India and RBI. The capital remained at Rs. 2000 crore in March 2002. (ii) Deposits: The deposits mainly come from Rural Infrastructural Development Fund (RIDF) introduced in Central Government Budget from the year 1995-96. Another source of deposits comes from banks which fall short of attaining priority sector target. The total outstanding RIDF deposits aggregated Rs. 9725 crore as on 31st March 2002. (iii) Borrowings: NABARD raises funds through market borrowings, Loans from Union Government and borrowings in Foreign Currency from abroad. Apart from these they also borrow funds from RBI. Their borrowings are mainly from three sources. They are by issue of bonds, borrowings from Government of India and borrowing abroad in foreign currency. The total outstanding borrowing amounted to Rs. 15,772 crore in March 2002. (iv) Reserves and: The excess of income over expenditures is generally accumu- Surplus lated as Reserves and surplus. As on March 2002, these reserves aggregated to Rs. 3626 crore. (v) Nation Rural Credit: These funds were earlier provided by RBI to NABARD in con- Funds (Long-term section with assistance under Agriculture Sector. These were Operation Fund given out of profits earned by RBI. They stood at Rs.11064 crore Stabilization Fund) as on March 99. However it has gone up to Rs. 13,975 crore as on March 2002. However, Reserve Bank stopped contributing large sums towards these two Funds from 1994. Presently, the RBI contributes only Rs.1.00 crore each to these funds as a symbolic gesture because the RBI Act provides for such contributions. The balance contribution now comes from NABARDs own profit. (vi) Rural Infrastructural Development Fund (RIDF): The setting up of RIDF was announced in the Union Budget for 1995-96. The RIDF was set up with a contribution of Rs. 2000 crore mainly to provide assistance to State Governments to take up infrastructure projects pertaining to irrigation, rural roads, bridges and flood control measures. Contributions to this Fund came from Indian Scheduled Commercial Banks (other than RRBs) which failed to achieve the minimum agricultural lending target of 18 per cent of net bank credit. The shortfall of amounts in the target achievement was required to be kept in the RIDF with NABARD. Similarly RIDF II was set up in 1996-97 with contributions made by public sector banks which failed to achieve the minimum priority sector advances of 40 per cent. The shortfall in their target amount has to be kept in RIDF II. RIDF III was set up in 1997-98 with shortfall in priority sector landings of all private and public sector commercial banks. The contributions to these Funds were eligible for interest payment to be decided by Reserve Bank from time to time. The Funds are managed by NABARD. Loans out of these funds are mainly provided to State Governments to complete existing rural infrastructural projects and also for taking up new infrastructural projects in rural areas. Loans out of RIDF I was provided interest at the rate of 13.0 per cent and at 12.0 per cent out of RIDF II and III. The projects generally pertain to irrigation facilities and construction of Roads and Bridges in rural areas. Similarly RIDF IV and V were created in the Union Budget during 1998-99 and 1999- 2000. Further RIDF VI and VII were created in 2001 and 2002 with a corpus of Rs. 4,500 crore and Rs. 5,000 crore respectively. The scope of the fund has been extended to cover Gram Panchayats, Self Help Groups to develop rural infrastructural facilities like soil conservation, rural market yards, drainage improvement, etc. Students may observe the capital of NABARD has gone up by Rs. 1,500 crore to Rs. 2,000 crore during the year 2002. Similarly, the RIDF deposits which were only Rs. 3,608 crore in March 1999 were increased to Rs. 9,725 crore as on March 2002. The borrowing of NABARD has gone up substantially in the recent past from Rs. 9,000 crore in March 1999 to Rs. 15,772 crore in March 2002. The aggregate resources of NABARD were also substantially increased from Rs. 28,986 crore in March 1999 to Rs. 45,098 crore in March 2002. On the uses of funds while the loans and advances increased by about 25% between March 1999 and March 2002 loans out of RIDF funds went up substantially from Rs. 3,667 crore to Rs. 10,435 crore during the same period.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Identity Crisis in Don Delillos White Noise Essay -- White Noise Essa

Don Delillo's White Noise is a novel set in twentieth century Middle America. The story follows the life and journey of Jack Gladney, a teacher of Hitler studies and his family through their lives invaded by white noise, the constant murmur of American consumerism. The narrative follows these characters as they struggle to live life distracting themselves from their sense of reality. White Noise explores a host of character's deep underlying fears and uncertainties that keep them from discovering and revealing their true identities. The first character I would like to discuss is the protagonist, Jack Gladney. It seems as if Jack distracts himself from discovering his own identity, without it life is a mystery to him and it makes death even more mysterious. As Jack talks to Murray about death, he states that The deepest regret is death. The only thing to face is death. This is all I think about. There's only one issue here, I want to live. (270) Jack is obsessed with his fear of the unexpected. He explains to Murry that death does not make his life more satisfying, but only filled with anxiety. Jack does not want to know any information predicting his own demise, he is afraid of finding out his own "code", as in the case of his medical report that forecasts his death. There are many indications of Jack's identity crisis throughout the story-- a more prominent one is that of his identity as a teacher of Hitler studies. It seems as if Jack is fascinated with a man so in touch with death, and when teaching he hides behind large dark glasses and... ...sulting in death, Murry considers the idea that one can become an instrument of death, by taking death into one's own hands. Murry may mask his character in a way to deflect death, but he is not afraid to take interest in the mystical concepts such as religion and science, the two sources that can cause and possibly cure death itself. Fear in a person's life can cause him or her to withdraw themself, or hide from certain situations thought to be associated with his or her underlying anxieties. In White Noise, the fear of death is a prominent factor that provokes the identity crisis these characters face. It is not until a person can face, and possibly overcome, these internal fears that one can obtain his or her true identity and understand truly who he or she really is.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Malcolm X Essay

Comparing the vocabularies of â€Å"Idiot Nation† and â€Å"Learning to Read†, I came out with the result that, Moores had used relatively critical words and vigorous words to write the passage. The way he narrated was rather extreme, he used words such as †idiots† and â€Å"stupidity† to insult the educational system in U. S. A. His tone was rather extreme and furious. He had even bolded some of the words in order to exaggerate his tone. In the other hand, Malcolm had used his own experience as the root of writing. The passage is to me more persuasive, since he had his own perspective and angles. Although the way Moores wrote could create a more remarkable impression, â€Å"Learning to Read† is more appealing to me since it doesn’t seem to strong and extreme. CORE QUESTIONS 4. Malcolm’s self-education in the prison assisted his later achievement on the society such as became a disciple of Elijah Muhammad and finding the Nation of Islam. The knowledge he had gained urged him to fight for right of the black. 5. B Bimbi was an inmate of Malcolm in the prison. He was always able to take over conversation. Malcolm was always envy of Bimbi’s stock of knowledge. Bimbi inspired Malcolm to read a lot of books in the prison in order to gain more knowledge. He said Malcolm should take advantage of the library in the prison and the time in the prison. At that point, Malcolm found out that he should improve his English by reading more books, so he started copying the dictionary. Bimbi had broadened the horizon of Malcolm’s. With his encouragement, Malcolm started to educate himself. Bimbi was a person whom Malcolm showed a lot of respect. Malcolm showed his debut credit to Elijah Muhmmad, the leader of Nation of Oslam Malcolm (NOI) was a devoted disciple of Elijah Muhmmad. He assigned Malcolm as a minister and national spokesman for the NOI. He taught Malcolm a lot of political techniques and provided him a lot of chances to increase his authority. Without Elijah’s elevation, Malcolm could not be able to have such a big achievement on fighting for the rights of Africans. Although the relationship between them later broke down, Elijah still had a great influence on Malcolm, and was respected by Malcolm. 6. After doing handful researches on Fanny Kemble, Nat Turner, John Brown, Mahatma Gandhi and Frederick Olmsted, I have found a common fact of them. They are all fighting for rights. For Fanny Kemble, Nat Turner, John Brown and Mahatma Gandhi, the ultimate aim of them is most likely the same with Malcolm’s, which was slave revolt, they are all fighting for the rights of slaves. They insisted that, black race should have to same right as the white race. The white race should not have dominated the history. Fanny Kemble, John Brown and Frederick Olmsted were from the white races, which could even be more controversial, since even the white people started to oppose the unfair treatments the slaves received. These people’s actions had influenced Malcolm. 7. One of the assumptions Malcolm had made was that, before the Negroes wanted to gain civil rights from the United Nation, they would have to first gain their basic human rights. (mentioned on P. 218). To certain extent, I agree with his assumption. According to some research I have found from the official website of United Nations[1](please refer to the reference on page 4), the United Nations was established in 1947. Since then, they have been discussing problems regarding human rights. From an article I have read, it had mentioned about â€Å"all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world†. This was the ultimate aim of the organization. So the establishment of United Nation was a leap of gaining human rights for the Africans. However, African American was a missing element. However, the establishment of United Nation did not support a permanent right for the African. Regarding a news[2](refer to the reference on page 4) in 2010, the equality of Africans was still a controversial problem, and had not been tackled. So what I could say is that, I am not sure whether the assumption Malcolm had made was right or not. 8. After reading the passage of Malcolm, I think he has discontent feelings towards the white men. Although his passage was titles â€Å"learning to read†, he had only spent a few paragraphs describing the progress of his learning, nevertheless almost half of the passage using historical examples to criticize the white men of using their power brainwashing the people. He thought the white men had taken away the human right of the black men. However, I think it was understandable for him to have these kinds of thoughts, since he had received a several unfair treatments from the white people when he was younger, so the white people gave him a bad impression initially. As he represented the NOI (Nation of Islam), he had to criticize the white people, in order to persuade and gain supports from the black races who were under a very bad condition. 9. I think in certain extent it’s possible to empower the students in the way Malcolm X’s self-education. Firstly, the situation of Malcolm is a very rare case. He was in prison for 7 years. That is probably the reason he can self- educate. He had so much time in the prison, no temptation and without connecting the world. He had much time copying words from the dictionary, while the students in the modern world had to face different kind of problems in daily life, they would not have time copying the dictionary every day. However, I think the students could use part of Malcolm’s method to educate themselves by squeezing out a little time and memorizing some of the vocabularies every day, but not using the method as extreme as Malcolm’s. 10. I think the overall message of the passage was not solely bringing out the effectiveness of reading books; instead Malcolm wanted also to bring out the problem of black races being suppressed by the white men. In the passage, Malcolm had pointed out the history was being â€Å"whitening†, which means the history was written by the white men. The examples he had raised up were all against the white races. That was the point I realized his passage was not purely like the topic â€Å"Learning to read†. CLOSING QUESTION 11. The book â€Å"Happiness† has inspired me the most. This book taught me the right attitude I should have towards life. It gave me so much positive energy. People used to be so happy and care-free when we were younger, however, when people were growing up, they started to have many unnecessary worries. This book urged me to reflect myself, and give me more motivation and wisdom to treat daily life problems. â€Å"Learning to read† gave me a brand new perspective. I am not person with critical thinking. When I was younger, I have studied the history of Europe, and I used to believe most of them. This passage reminded me that the history were all written by the white races, which means they could actually â€Å"create† history in the way which benefited them. I used to think history are what people in the past have written and could not be doubt, since no one could go back to the past and prove what had really happened. Nevertheless, now I think history could have a possibility of fakeness, and could not be completely believed. 12. Malcolm X to me was a very tough and smart person. I admired his attitude in the prison. Most of the people would have blamed themselves of getting in the jail and might have given their hopes after they went to the jail, however, Malcolm educated himself in the jail, even harder than the normal people. This kind of faith and spirit is very meritorious. He later even made great achievement on fighting for the right of the black race. However, when reading his passage, I could not completely agree his perspective, there might be biases. Since he himself is from the black race, and was the leader of the Nation of Islam, his words could be bias to the black race. He kept on criticizing the white men, which he had a quite extreme point of view, it was probably because some unfair treatments he had received in the past. So when reading his passage, I have to neglect how meritorious the author was, and analysis carefully the information I received. Reference for Question 7 [1]United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) http://www. blackpast. org/? q=united-nations-universal-declaration-human-rights-1948 The United Nations, http://www. un. org/en/documents/udhr/ [2]An article regarding concern on Civil rights of African http://www. aclu. org/human-rights/un-report-highlights-need-us-civil-and-human-rights-commission

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Did The United States Lose On The Vietnam War Home front Or Battlefield? Essay

In this essay I will discuss whether America lost on the battlefield or the home front. People are still arguing about the war even though it finished over thirty years ago showing it is still an important issue today. It is clear that both sides have made a big impact on the outcome of the war. Like the Iraq war now, it was anunpopular guerilla war due to the amount of soldiers who lost their lives . As the Vietnam War was unpopular, the home front weren’t very supportive of the soldiers. Soldiers who struggled on the battlefield unable to cope with different the environment and the use of guerilla tactics. From when the firstcombat troops got sent to Vietnam in 1965, the public were quite supportive. The army were somewhat arrogance and optimism, the U.S soldiers very much understated the Vietnamese abilities at this point. Although some people had pride in America’s involvement in the war, there were far more people who didn’t agree with the war. People who didn’t agree with the war would usually went to more drastic measures to get their opinions heard, e.g. the Black Panthers, . The Black Panthers believed that black people should not be forced to fight in the military service to defend a racist government that does not protect the black community. They said they would not fight and kill other people of colour in the world who, like black people, are being victimized by the white racist government of America. Their campaign was huge throughout the black community in America- especially with the racial issues at that time. As the war went, there were more protests. When college students found out that they could be subscribed to the army due to theintroduction of the lottery, they suddenly became a lot more anti-war. They wereoutraged and shocked about the fact that they themselves could become soldiers. Mass demonstrations, often in Washington, would be completely covered by the media. This would lead to the troops at war hearing about people not wanting them to be there- they could find out through letters, radios, phone calls, any form of contact.When the troops hear about people being against them being there- They are obviously going to feel like they are wasting their time, so their morale will be completely devoured. Then with low morale this could make them weaker on the battlefield, giving the North Vietnamese an advantage. The North Vietnamese Army had many advantages, even when the American troops morale were high. At ease with the environment and knowing the land well, the North Vietnamese Army mastered their tactics- using the guerilla tactics. The Viet Cong’s used guerilla warfare because their territory that the Americans had to fight in was so full of plants and growth, that guns and such did not work as well as tactics adapted to the environment such as booby traps and punji sticks. Vietnamese knew that hand to hand combat was the only way to successfully way to win the war as it was less money and Americans were not used to that type of warfare. The Americans set out to win the war by working closely with the South Vietnamese. The U.S believed in using it’s wealth to the maximum, using firepower, new technology, more troops. Thefirepower aspect was pretty much a waste of time and was expensive. They couldn’t use their firepower in urban areas therefore couldn’t kill the North Vietnamese Army as easy as they anticipated. The U.Sworked a lot underpressurebecausewithalot of theirtacticstheyoftenhadtokeep them undercover from the media this would obviously make everything a lot more complex. American plans weren’t full proof and a lot of their own man were killed. This obviously caused a lot of uproar at home. The Vietnam War was the first televised war, so the media would show the USA what happened all the time. This meant people on the home front quickly lost support for the soldiers because they were seeing all of the horrible incidents which were meant to be secret. The media would be completely biased and make the negatives a lot worse then they were. The U.S army tried to cover up a lot of mistakes like the Tet Offensive. While the U.S army were at their weakest agreeing to cease fire. A lot thinking there would be nothing to be bothered about on a Vietnamese holiday, the Viet Cong launched an offensive attacking almost every town and city in South Vietnam. They trapped the U.S embassy in grounds then wiped them out, where as the media claimed VC sappers seized the U.S embassy, which clearly makes the U.S look a lot weaker. The Home front at this point were worried about their troop’s tactics and abilities. Many member of the public were angry at the fact the the American troops let this happen and that they didn’t expect it. The mass of attacks from the Vietnamese led to many people thinking the war was unwinnable. After the U.S troops had fought hard against the Tet Offensive and had a military victory, hearing that the media reported it as a loss their lowered morale again. When people on the home front got enrolled by lottery people of various ages and abilities went to Vietnam. Most fought in Vietnam for 1 a year and spent another year training and being at base camp. By the time they leave the army, that is when their abilities are most excelled. When college students found out they could get enlisted in the war this is when most of the mass demonstrations began. Past experiences made many veterans against the war also arriving home and being with so many people against the war. The scaring memories of the My Lai Massacre of 1968. People were sexually abused, beaten, tortured and killed. Some of the bodies were found mutilated. When the incident became public knowledge in 1969, it prompted widespread outrage around the world. The massacre also reduced U.S. support at home for the Vietnam War. Three U.S. servicemen who made an effort to halt the massacre and protect the wounded were denounced by U.S. Congressmen, received hate mail, death threats and mutilated animals on their doorsteps. The soldier’s welfare while they were away in the army could have easily helped contribute to their withdrawal and loss of the war. They had extremely long active hours running on little food and sleep. Obviously they wouldn’t be fighting to the best of their abilities. The large availability and use of drugs may have put the troops in a better mood making their morale on high, their physicality wasn’t befitting as a lot of fatigue conquered the army. Often this was due to insomnia, people couldn’t sleep simply because of the situation in which they were in. The U.S as the war got longer, they became more scared because they were aware of Vietnamese abilities. The Vietnamese had a lot of advantage throughout the whole war. They were well prepared for all the problems the American’s faced. They were well equipped to the jungle environment and weather. They made cunning yet deadly booby traps which the Americans would fall for. Because of their knowledge of the area, their ambushes were pretty much flawless, the U.S army were clueless beforehand, so the American’s inexperience was a very big help for the Viet Cong. Also the Viet Cong were passionate about the cause and would not give it up. The U.S could not fend the Ho Chi Min trail- this supplied the North Vietnamese army with vital supplies throughout the war, including aid sent from the USSR. The U.S lost on the battlefield due to the many advantages of the Vietnamese. Although the U.S had money, men, and power. The Vietnamese were intelligent and used their knowledge to the best of their abilities. I think though the guerilla Tactics and the troops inexperience are what really made the war a challenge for the U.S. Although their morale was brought down immensely on the home front, had they been winning on the battlefield the homefront may have supported them.

Friday, November 8, 2019

7 Types of Punctuation Errors

7 Types of Punctuation Errors 7 Types of Punctuation Errors 7 Types of Punctuation Errors By Mark Nichol Each of the following sentences below demonstrates a specific type of error involving internal punctuation, usually involving a problem with a comma. Discussion and revision following each example explains and illustrates correct use of punctuation in the sentence. 1. Misplaced Punctuation This approach requires an effective model risk governance program, and crucially, validation of the model by an independent party. A comma is needed after program only if what follows is an independent clause. In this case, the rest of the sentence is merely the rest of an extended compound predicate. However, crucially is a parenthetical, and a comma is required before as well as after it: â€Å"This approach requires an effective model risk governance program and, crucially, validation of the model by an independent party.† 2. Missing Punctuation Specifically her portfolio did not include the required number of samples. An adverbial introduction must be set off from the main clause by a comma: â€Å"Specifically, her portfolio did not include the required number of samples.† 3. Unpaired Punctuation The survey found increasing demand for customer experiences that are difficult, if not impossible to deliver with legacy systems. Related to the misplaced and missing examples above, this sentence is flawed in that the parenthetical phrase â€Å"if not impossible† is set off only in front, not behind as well: â€Å"The survey found increasing demand for customer experiences that are difficult, if not impossible, to deliver with legacy systems.† 4. Extraneous Punctuation Knowing which sensitive data need to be highly protected, where this information sits within the organization, and what security mechanisms need to be applied, are all key considerations for a sound information security risk assessment. A comma should not precede a verb unless it is the second of two commas bracketing a parenthetical phrase: â€Å"Knowing which sensitive data need to be highly protected, where this information sits within the organization, and what security mechanisms need to be applied are all key considerations for a sound information security risk assessment.† 5. Excessive Punctuation Consumers have the right to speak out or complain, and to seek compensation- payment or a replacement item- or redress- have a wrong corrected. Excessive punctuation often occurs when a sentence is cluttered with commas, and a sentence should be recast or divided into two or more sentences if more than a few commas appear (and semicolons are not included to assist in sentence organization). But when dashes are used to set off parenthetical phrases, no more than one pair should be used, because readers may have difficulty at first recognizing which parts of the sentence are being bracketed. Either revise the sentence so that only one pair of dashes is needed, or replace dashes with parentheses, which because the open and close parentheses are shaped differently, clearly indicate what is contained within them: â€Å"Consumers have the right to speak out or complain and to seek compensation (payment or a replacement item) or redress (have a wrong corrected).† (Note, too, that the sole comma is superfluous.) 6. Inconsistent Punctuation Last year a man agreed to give up his drone system and promise not to fly a drone for three years. . . . Last month, the FAA announced there are now more registered drone operators in the United States than there are registered manned aircraft. If an optional punctuation mark is used in one sentence in a piece of content, it should be used in any similarly constructed sentence; see the consistent inclusion of a comma after the short introductory phrase in both sentences: â€Å"Last year, a man agreed to give up his drone system and promise not to fly a drone for three years. . . . Last month, the FAA announced there are now more registered drone operators in the United States than there are registered manned aircraft.† (Note that â€Å"last year† and â€Å"last† month serve the same adverbial function as specifically in the second example, but such brief introductory phrases do not require punctuation, though for consistency, it is recommended.) 7. Incorrect Punctuation One person had to be airlifted off the site after the structure collapsed Monday night, the rest were treated at an on-site medical facility. Because this sentence consists of two independent clauses, they must be separated by a semicolon rather than a mere comma: â€Å"One person had to be airlifted off the site after the structure collapsed Monday night; the rest were treated at an on-site medical facility.† (A period is also appropriate, but the close relationship of the two clauses allows for a semicolon.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'tsAbstract Nouns from AdjectivesA Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Final Reflection Essays - Educational Psychology, Education

Final Reflection Essays - Educational Psychology, Education Final Reflection Jessi Benanti EXP 105 Personal Dimensions of Education Cassidy Hawf January 6, 2016 Final Reflection Paragraph 1: What is Learning At the time that I started this course I had a tapered meaning of learning. I thought learning meant acquiring knowledge or a set of skills by experience, by being taught, or by studying. Throughout this class I have acquired a more in-depth understanding of what learning means. According to Jhnston (page 1.2) learning is taking in world around you and connecting to way you are experiencing. This is just the tip of the ice burg when it comes to learning, as you gain the knowledge from the world around you, learning requires that as you start to understand what you are making sense of the knowledge that you will finally come to understand what you are experiencing. As Johnston stated learning involves using your critical thinking skills and sound judgment to respond appropriately to any workplace task, online assignment, or opportunity to speak publicly (page 1.2). Not only is learning understanding knowledge, but also understanding how you come to understand that knowledge. There are four types of learning patterns, Sequence, Precision, Technical Reasoning, and Confluence. As a learner you should try to understand what type of learner you are. Once you figure out your unique pattern, you will be able to learn more intentionally. Paragraph 2: Describing yourself as a Learner When it comes to my learning patterns, I normally use them where I am most comfortable. My LCI scores are Sequence-32, Precision-35, Technical Reasoning-25, and Confluence-19. As a person that is a Strong-Willed Learner, I typically use sequence, precision, and technical reasoning first. When it comes to learning I typically use sequence to start out all my assignments so I have list that lets me know where to start and where to end. As I am learning I then like to use my precision to make sure that I have all the information for the assignment. I also like to use my technical reasoning to work on solving the problem that is in front of me. This is what I do when I am really trying to answer a question. I sometimes use my confluence pattern to brainstorm new ideas for papers and discussions. As a learner I have had to understand how my patterns work together. I have learned that each pattern has its own task in what I am doing. While doing an assignment I have found that I use each p attern as its own special task to help me understand a do the work. When I take in the world around me I have learned to use my precision more than each of my other patterns. I look for the information that is in the world and make sure I have the knowledge of the world so I can learn everything. Paragraph 3: Combination of Learning Patterns The combination of my learning patterns has made me a Strong Willed Learner. As a Strong Willed Learner I can easily switch from pattern to pattern. I have been able to use two or more of my patterns to get my work done. As a Strong Willed Learner I have been able to use my unique patterns to get my assignments done on time. Being a Strong Willed Learner I have the biggest benefit of getting my BA and being able to get the job I really want. I have been able to find the perfect quiet place to get my reading and work done. When I am taking my tests I normally use both my laptop and my phone, my laptop for my test, and my phone for my book. With having both precision and sequence as two of my use first patterns, I always find all the information for my assignments and discussions first and then write a rough draft on word, check my work for spelling and grammar errors, and then I post it in the classroom. As I analyze the benefits of my unique combination of learning patterns, I have b een able to identify the things that I need to do to complete all my readings, assignments, quizzes, and discussions for this course. Paragraph 4: FITing Learning Patterns I believe as a strong